Salt is better at rusting things out as the disolved salt provides atoms to transfer the electrons etc. 100% pure water if I remeber correctly does not conduct electricity if you add salt to water it will conduct more and more electricity that's why salt is bad in terms of rusting stuff out.
The sacrificial anode thing basicly I think comes down to bolting a lump of Zinc(most common I think) to your car that's were Zincalume (spelling) comes from this is a zinc like coating on metal sheeting.
Rust needs oxegen so limiting oxegen supply doesn't speed up rust it should slow it down. Stuff like scale etc I think traps moisture against the metal which speeds up the rusting process hence getting rid of all the dirt and crap out of your wheel arches etc helps prevent rust.
There is another way to prevent rust I can't quite remember but it is commonly used to stop jetties rusting and that is you create a small charge in the metal. I can't quite remember but I think it was so that any electrons stripped from the metal are immediately replaced meaning that none of the atoms of metal become positively charged and can be carted away by water molecules.
Um that's all I can remember of High school chemistry for now maybe some of the school kids can tell us more or ask thier teachers
Yes paint, fish oil, galvinising???, all creat a barrier to stop water and oxegen coming in contact with the metal.
The interesting one is Aluminium, Aluminium oxedise with just air so any unpolished aluminium has a very thin oxidized layer giving aluminum it's dullish colour (unpolished the polish forms a protective layer against oxidization) The oxidized layer in aluminium actually stops further oxidization Aluminiun oxide is extremely unreactive and well bonded to the aluminium metal so it can't be carted off by water molecules so aluminium dingies don't rust.
With all the above high school chemistry was a fair while ago so I might be wrong
EDIT:Fixed spelling (well some of it)